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| This dictionary contains: 8526 juridical terms |
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Citizen
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CitizenIn the Roman government, seems to have designated a person who had the freedom of the city, and the right to exercise all political and civil privileges of the government. One who owes to government allegiance, service, and money by way of taxation, and to whom the government, in turn, grants and guarantees liberty of person and of conscience, the right of acquiring and possessing property, of marriage and the social relations, of suit and of defense, and security in person, estate, and reputation.
RELATED TERMS--------------------------------------
Government
"natural and political law. The manner in which sovereignty is exercised in each state. There are three simple forms of government, the democratic, the aristocratic, and monarchical. But these three simple forms may be varied to infinity by the mixture and divisions of their different powers. Sometimes by the word government is understood the body of men, or the individual in the state, to whom is entrusted the executive power. It is taken in this sense when the government is spoken of in opposition to other bodies in the state.
Person
This word is applied to men, women and children, who are called natural persons.
Freedom
Liberty; the right to do what is not forbidden by law. Freedom does not preclude the idea of subjection to law; indeed, it presupposes the existence of some legislative provision, the observance of which insures freedom to us, by securing the like observance from others.
City
Government. A town incorporated by that name.
Right
1) Sometimes it signifies a law, as when we say that natural right requires us to keep our promises, or that it commands restitution, or that it forbids murder. In our language it is seldom used in this sense. 2) It sometimes means that quality in our actions by which they are denominated just ones. This is usually denominated rectitude. 3) It is that quality in a person by which he can do certain actions, or possess certain things which belong to him by virtue of some title. In this sense, we use it when we say that a man has a right to his estate or a right to defend himself.
Political
Pertaining to policy, or the administration of the government. Political rights are those which may be exercised in the formation or administration of the government they are distinguished from civil, rights, which are the rights which a man enjoys, as regards other individuals, and not in relation to the government. A political corporation is one which has principally for its object the administration of the government, or to which the powers of government, or a part of such powers, have been delegated.
Civil
1) It is used in contradistinction to barbarous or savage, to indicate a state of society reduced to order and regular government; thus we speak of civil life, civil society, civil government, and civil liberty. 2) It is sometimes used in contradistinction to criminal, to indicate the private rights and remedies of men, as members of the community, in contrast to those which are public and relate to the government; thus we speak of civil process and criminal process, civil jurisdiction and criminal jurisdiction.
Allegiance
French a-legiance, homage. Latin ad-ligare, to tie, bind. The tie, or ligamen, which binds the subject to the king in return for that protection which the king affords the subject. Natural allegiance. Such allegiance as is due from all men born within the king's dominions, immediately upon their birth. Also called absolute or permanent allegiance.
Service
1) Contracts. The being employed to serve another. 2) Feudal law. That duty which the tenant owes to his lord, by reason of his fee or estate. 3) Practice. To execute a writ or process; as, to serve a writ of capias signifies to arrest a defendant under the process;
Money
Gold, silver, and some other less precious metals, in the progress of civilization and commerce, have become the common standards of value; in order to avoid the delay and inconvenience of regulating their weight and quality whenever passed, the governments of the civilized world have caused them to be manufactured in certain portions, and marked with a Stamp which attests their value; this is called money.
Taxation
The forcible procedure by which Government takes money from the citizens.
Guarantees
A guarantor undertakes that he will repay a debt incurred by another person or company to a bank or other creditor and the bank or other creditor can require him to pay the outstanding amount if that person cannot or will not pay their indebtedness. Proprietors and directors of companies are often asked to give personal guarantees for their company's borrowings to provide additional security.
Liberty
Freedom from restraint. The power of acting as one thinks fit, without any restraint or control, except from the laws of nature. Liberty is divided into civil, natural, personal, and political.
Conscience
The moral sense, or that capacity of our mental constitution, by which we irresistibly feel the difference between right and wrong.
Property
Property is commonly thought of as a thing which belongs to someone and over which a person has total control. But, legally, it is more properly defined as a collection of legal rights over a thing. These rights are usually total and fully enforceable by the state or the owner against others. It has been said that "property and law were born and die together. Before laws were made there was no property. Take away laws and property ceases." before laws were written and enforced, property had no relevance. Possession was all that mattered. There are many classifications of property, the most common being between real property or immoveable property (real estate such as land or buildings) and "chattel", or "moveable" (things which are not attached to the land such as a bicycle, a car or a hammer) and between public (property belonging to everybody or to the state) and private property.
Marriage
A contract made in due form of law, by which a free man and a free woman reciprocally engage to live with each other during their joint lives, in the union which ought io exist between husband and wife. By the terms freeman and freewoman in this definition are meant, not only that they are free and not slaves, but also that they are clear of all bars to a lawful marriage.
Relations
Kindred. In its most extensive signification, this term includes all the kindred of the person spoken of. In a more limited sense, it signifies those persons who are entitled as next of kin under the statute of distribution.
Suit
An action. The word suit in the 25th section of the judiciary act of 1789, applies to any proceeding in a court of justice, in which the plaintiff pursues, in such court, the remedy which the law affords him. An application for a prohibition is therefore a suit.
Security
That which renders a matter sure; an instrument which renders certain the performance of a contract. The term is also sometimes applied to designate a person who becomes the surety for another, or who engages himself for the performance of another's contract.
Estate
A right or interest in property or the property of a deceased person.
Reputation
Evidence. The opinion generally entertained by persons who know another, as to his character, . or it is the opinion generally entertained by person; who know a family as to its pedigree, and the like.
SIMILAR TERMS--------------------------------------
PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS--------------------------------------
Circumstantial evidence
Evidence which may allow a judge or jury to deduce a certain fact from other facts which have been proven. In some cases, there can be some evidence that can not be proven directly, such as with an eye-witness. And yet that evidence may be essential to prove a case. In these cases, the lawyer will provide the judge or juror with evidence of the circumstances from which a juror or judge can logically deduct, or reasonably infer, the fact that cannot be proven directly; it is proven by the evidence of the circumstances; hence, "circumstantial" evidence. Fingerprints are an example of circumstantial evidence: while there may be no witness to a person's presence in a certain place, or contact with a certain object, the scientific evidence of someone's fingerprints is persuasive proof of a person's presence or contact with an object.
Circumvention
Torts, Scotch law. Any act of fraud whereby a person is reduced to a deed by decreet.
Citatio ad reassumendam causam
Civil law. The name of a citation, which issued when a party died pending a suit, against the heir of the defendant, or when the plaintiff died, for the heir of the plaintiff.
Citation
Practice. A writ issued out of a court of competent, jurisdiction, commanding a person therein named to appear and do something therein mentioned, or to show cause why he should not, on a day named.
Citators
A set of books which provides the subsequent history of reported decisions through a form of abbreviations or words.
Citizen
City
Government. A town incorporated by that name.
Civil
1) It is used in contradistinction to barbarous or savage, to indicate a state of society reduced to order and regular government; thus we speak of civil life, civil society, civil government, and civil liberty. 2) It is sometimes used in contradistinction to criminal, to indicate the private rights and remedies of men, as members of the community, in contrast to those which are public and relate to the government; thus we speak of civil process and criminal process, civil jurisdiction and criminal jurisdiction.
Civil action
Any lawsuit relating to civil matters and not criminal prosecution.
Civil commotion
Lord Mansfield defines a civil commotion to be "an insurrection of the people for general purposes, though it may not amount to rebellion where there is an usurped power."
Civil court
The court which presides over non criminal cases.
RELATED TERMS--------------------------------------
Government
"natural and political law. The manner in which sovereignty is exercised in each state. There are three simple forms of government, the democratic, the aristocratic, and monarchical. But these three simple forms may be varied to infinity by the mixture and divisions of their different powers. Sometimes by the word government is understood the body of men, or the individual in the state, to whom is entrusted the executive power. It is taken in this sense when the government is spoken of in opposition to other bodies in the state.
Person
This word is applied to men, women and children, who are called natural persons.
Freedom
Liberty; the right to do what is not forbidden by law. Freedom does not preclude the idea of subjection to law; indeed, it presupposes the existence of some legislative provision, the observance of which insures freedom to us, by securing the like observance from others.
City
Government. A town incorporated by that name.
Right
1) Sometimes it signifies a law, as when we say that natural right requires us to keep our promises, or that it commands restitution, or that it forbids murder. In our language it is seldom used in this sense. 2) It sometimes means that quality in our actions by which they are denominated just ones. This is usually denominated rectitude. 3) It is that quality in a person by which he can do certain actions, or possess certain things which belong to him by virtue of some title. In this sense, we use it when we say that a man has a right to his estate or a right to defend himself.
Political
Pertaining to policy, or the administration of the government. Political rights are those which may be exercised in the formation or administration of the government they are distinguished from civil, rights, which are the rights which a man enjoys, as regards other individuals, and not in relation to the government. A political corporation is one which has principally for its object the administration of the government, or to which the powers of government, or a part of such powers, have been delegated.
Civil
1) It is used in contradistinction to barbarous or savage, to indicate a state of society reduced to order and regular government; thus we speak of civil life, civil society, civil government, and civil liberty. 2) It is sometimes used in contradistinction to criminal, to indicate the private rights and remedies of men, as members of the community, in contrast to those which are public and relate to the government; thus we speak of civil process and criminal process, civil jurisdiction and criminal jurisdiction.
Allegiance
French a-legiance, homage. Latin ad-ligare, to tie, bind. The tie, or ligamen, which binds the subject to the king in return for that protection which the king affords the subject. Natural allegiance. Such allegiance as is due from all men born within the king's dominions, immediately upon their birth. Also called absolute or permanent allegiance.
Service
1) Contracts. The being employed to serve another. 2) Feudal law. That duty which the tenant owes to his lord, by reason of his fee or estate. 3) Practice. To execute a writ or process; as, to serve a writ of capias signifies to arrest a defendant under the process;
Money
Gold, silver, and some other less precious metals, in the progress of civilization and commerce, have become the common standards of value; in order to avoid the delay and inconvenience of regulating their weight and quality whenever passed, the governments of the civilized world have caused them to be manufactured in certain portions, and marked with a Stamp which attests their value; this is called money.
Taxation
The forcible procedure by which Government takes money from the citizens.
Guarantees
A guarantor undertakes that he will repay a debt incurred by another person or company to a bank or other creditor and the bank or other creditor can require him to pay the outstanding amount if that person cannot or will not pay their indebtedness. Proprietors and directors of companies are often asked to give personal guarantees for their company's borrowings to provide additional security.
Liberty
Freedom from restraint. The power of acting as one thinks fit, without any restraint or control, except from the laws of nature. Liberty is divided into civil, natural, personal, and political.
Conscience
The moral sense, or that capacity of our mental constitution, by which we irresistibly feel the difference between right and wrong.
Property
Property is commonly thought of as a thing which belongs to someone and over which a person has total control. But, legally, it is more properly defined as a collection of legal rights over a thing. These rights are usually total and fully enforceable by the state or the owner against others. It has been said that "property and law were born and die together. Before laws were made there was no property. Take away laws and property ceases." before laws were written and enforced, property had no relevance. Possession was all that mattered. There are many classifications of property, the most common being between real property or immoveable property (real estate such as land or buildings) and "chattel", or "moveable" (things which are not attached to the land such as a bicycle, a car or a hammer) and between public (property belonging to everybody or to the state) and private property.
Marriage
A contract made in due form of law, by which a free man and a free woman reciprocally engage to live with each other during their joint lives, in the union which ought io exist between husband and wife. By the terms freeman and freewoman in this definition are meant, not only that they are free and not slaves, but also that they are clear of all bars to a lawful marriage.
Relations
Kindred. In its most extensive signification, this term includes all the kindred of the person spoken of. In a more limited sense, it signifies those persons who are entitled as next of kin under the statute of distribution.
Suit
An action. The word suit in the 25th section of the judiciary act of 1789, applies to any proceeding in a court of justice, in which the plaintiff pursues, in such court, the remedy which the law affords him. An application for a prohibition is therefore a suit.
Security
That which renders a matter sure; an instrument which renders certain the performance of a contract. The term is also sometimes applied to designate a person who becomes the surety for another, or who engages himself for the performance of another's contract.
Estate
A right or interest in property or the property of a deceased person.
Reputation
Evidence. The opinion generally entertained by persons who know another, as to his character, . or it is the opinion generally entertained by person; who know a family as to its pedigree, and the like.
SIMILAR TERMS--------------------------------------
PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS--------------------------------------
Circumstantial evidence
Evidence which may allow a judge or jury to deduce a certain fact from other facts which have been proven. In some cases, there can be some evidence that can not be proven directly, such as with an eye-witness. And yet that evidence may be essential to prove a case. In these cases, the lawyer will provide the judge or juror with evidence of the circumstances from which a juror or judge can logically deduct, or reasonably infer, the fact that cannot be proven directly; it is proven by the evidence of the circumstances; hence, "circumstantial" evidence. Fingerprints are an example of circumstantial evidence: while there may be no witness to a person's presence in a certain place, or contact with a certain object, the scientific evidence of someone's fingerprints is persuasive proof of a person's presence or contact with an object.
Circumvention
Torts, Scotch law. Any act of fraud whereby a person is reduced to a deed by decreet.
Citatio ad reassumendam causam
Civil law. The name of a citation, which issued when a party died pending a suit, against the heir of the defendant, or when the plaintiff died, for the heir of the plaintiff.
Citation
Practice. A writ issued out of a court of competent, jurisdiction, commanding a person therein named to appear and do something therein mentioned, or to show cause why he should not, on a day named.
Citators
A set of books which provides the subsequent history of reported decisions through a form of abbreviations or words.
Citizen
City
Government. A town incorporated by that name.
Civil
1) It is used in contradistinction to barbarous or savage, to indicate a state of society reduced to order and regular government; thus we speak of civil life, civil society, civil government, and civil liberty. 2) It is sometimes used in contradistinction to criminal, to indicate the private rights and remedies of men, as members of the community, in contrast to those which are public and relate to the government; thus we speak of civil process and criminal process, civil jurisdiction and criminal jurisdiction.
Civil action
Any lawsuit relating to civil matters and not criminal prosecution.
Civil commotion
Lord Mansfield defines a civil commotion to be "an insurrection of the people for general purposes, though it may not amount to rebellion where there is an usurped power."
Civil court
The court which presides over non criminal cases.
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This dictionary contains 8526 terms.
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